@article{ 
author = {Bijani, Mostaf},  
title = {Moral Intelligence: A Neglected Factor for Quality and Accountability in Emergency Medical Services}, 
abstract ={Moral intelligence, defined as the acquired capacity to recognize ethical imperatives, internalize ethical commitments, and consistently implement them in practice, has emerged as a critical yet underappreciated dimension of clinical competence. Unlike technical expertise, which is often prominent in emergency medical services (EMS), moral intelligence subtly shapes how clinicians interpret ethically charged situations, navigate competing demands, and maintain professional integrity in conditions of uncertainty. It is not merely a personal disposition; rather, it constitutes a foundational cognitive-behavioral competency that determines the quality, safety, and legitimacy of care.},  
Keywords = {Moral intelligence},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-2}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3213-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3213-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Heiat, Fatemeh and ShojaeiFard, Manzarbanoo},  
title = {Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on PGC-1α, SIRT3, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Narrative Review}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: This narrative review examines the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on key mitochondrial biomarkers, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and evaluates their therapeutic roles in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Materials & Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier databases using the keywords “HIIT,” “MICT,” “PGC-1α,” “SIRT3,” and “MASLD,” with no temporal restrictions applied. Studies published up to October 2025 were included. The initial search yielded approximately 600 articles; following duplicate removal and title and abstract screening, 83 relevant studies were selected for inclusion. Priority was given to recent evidence published between 2022 and 2025 that incorporated the updated MASLD nomenclature. Results: Both HIIT and MICT significantly upregulate PGC-1α and SIRT3 expression, thereby enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing oxidative stress, and improving hepatic lipid metabolism. These molecular adaptations are associated with clinically meaningful outcomes, including reduced hepatic fat accumulation, improved insulin sensitivity, and enhanced liver function. HIIT tends to elicit more rapid molecular and metabolic adaptations, whereas MICT is more consistently associated with sustained long-term benefits. Conclusion: HIIT and MICT represent effective, evidence-based exercise interventions for the management of MASLD through modulation of mitochondrial signaling pathways. HIIT may be preferable when time efficiency is a priority, whereas MICT may be more suitable for long-term adherence. An individualized exercise prescription, beginning with MICT and progressively incorporating HIIT, is recommended. The primary limitations of this review include its narrative design and the potential for publication bias; therefore, future large-scale randomized controlled trials across diverse populations are warranted.},  
Keywords = {PGC-1α, SIRT3, HIIT, MICT, MASLD},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {3-16}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20130},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3185-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3185-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tabatabaei, Seyed Mahmoud and Khalili, Sanaz},  
title = {Cognitive Hybridization: Redefining Human Identity at the Interface of Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence: A Narrative Review}, 
abstract ={Background & Objective: The convergence of human cognition and artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping cognitive identity and challenging traditional understandings of consciousness, agency, and selfhood. This narrative review introduces a conceptual three-stage model of cognitive hybridization, comprising Simulation, Integration, and Co-Evolution, to examine the dynamics of human-AI interaction and its neuroethical implications. Materials & Methods: Interdisciplinary evidence from cognitive neuroscience, AI research, and neuroethics was synthesized by drawing on studies published between 2000 and 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review focused on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), mechanisms of neural plasticity, and the cognitive capacities of large language models (LLMs). Results: In the Simulation stage, LLMs replicate selected cognitive operations such as language processing, although they lack any biological substrates, including hippocampal encoding and network-level neural dynamics. The Integration stage involves reciprocal interactions between the brain and AI, where BCIs facilitate emergent forms of shared agency mediated through cortical and basal ganglia pathways. The Co-Evolution stage reflects bidirectional adaptive processes that gradually reshape cognitive functions across both developing and aging brains. Key neuroethical considerations include autonomy, cognitive justice, and the protection of neural data and cognitive privacy. Conclusion: This model highlights the urgent need for updated theoretical and ethical frameworks that can guide human-AI co-evolution and promote equitable and safe cognitive enhancement. The proposed framework offers a structured foundation for future interdisciplinary inquiry in neuroethics and cognitive augmentation.  },  
Keywords = {Cognitive identity, Cognitive hybridization, Human-AI interaction, Neuroethics, Shared agency},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {17-25}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20125},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3173-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3173-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mesroghli, Ronak and Tabatabaei, Seyed Mahmou},  
title = {Genetics and Neuroscience Biomarkers in Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Insights toward Precision Medicine, A Systematic Review}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 5 to 7% of children and 2 to 5% of adults worldwide, with heritability estimates of 70 to 80% reported in recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (1). The disorder arises from complex interactions among genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. This systematic review synthesizes recent advances in genetic and neuroscience-based biomarkers and evaluates their potential utility for precision medicine approaches in ADHD. Materials & Methods: Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. A systematic review of the literature published up to October 2025 was conducted, encompassing GWAS, neuroimaging studies (functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography), and clinical trials. The analysis focused on key genetic variants involved in dopamine regulation, including dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), dopamine transporter 1 (DAT1), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), neurophysiological markers such as the theta-to-beta ratio, and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for treatment response prediction. Data were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases. Results: Genetic variants affecting dopaminergic signaling were associated with increased ADHD susceptibility and differential responses to stimulant medications. The incorporation of PRS improved the prediction of treatment response by increasing explained variance, for example, R² values rose from 0.05 to 0.28, representing an absolute increase of approximately 23%, although relative improvements varied between 15 and 25% across studies. Electroencephalography-based neurofeedback demonstrated small-to-moderate improvements in executive functioning among inattentive ADHD subtypes, with standardized mean differences ranging from 0.36 to 0.44, although ongoing debates suggest that a substantial proportion of observed effects may reflect placebo-related mechanisms (I² = 50 to 65%). Neuroimaging findings consistently revealed hypoactivation of the prefrontal cortex and dysconnectivity within the default mode network, facilitating subtype differentiation. Integrative approaches employing artificial intelligence showed promise for individualized treatment planning; however, financial constraints, limited accessibility, and methodological heterogeneity currently hinder widespread clinical implementation. Conclusion: Genetic and neurobiological biomarkers provide a robust foundation for precision-oriented ADHD care, encompassing neurofeedback and pharmacogenomic strategies. Standardization of biomarker assessment tools and the strategic integration of artificial intelligence are essential to overcoming existing barriers and promoting equitable, outcome-optimized interventions.  },  
Keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Genetic Markers, Precision Medicine, Neurofeedback, Electroencephalography},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {26-42}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20131},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3194-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3194-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mohaghegh, Poopak and Ghasempuor, Mohammad Sadegh and Dehghan, Azizallah},  
title = { Association between Anti-Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies (ACPA) Levels and Disease Severity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: This case–control study was conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of serum anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to determine their correlation with disease activity, as measured by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP). Materials & Methods: A total of 70 patients with RA (85.7% female; mean age = 55.7 ± 11.73 years) and 70 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. Serum anti-CCP levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and disease activity was evaluated based on DAS28-CRP scores. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied to assess the relationship between anti-CCP levels and RA disease activity. Results: Anti-CCP exhibited a sensitivity of 61.4% and a specificity of 98.6% for the diagnosis of RA. The mean serum anti-CCP concentration was significantly elevated in RA patients (220.2 ± 27.5 IU/mL) compared with controls (1.57 ± 0.52 IU/mL; p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant correlation was observed between anti-CCP levels and disease activity as determined by DAS28-CRP (p = 0.4). Conclusion: Anti-CCP is a highly specific serological biomarker for the diagnosis of RA but does not demonstrate a significant association with disease activity as measured by DAS28-CRP. Further large-scale, longitudinal investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential role in predicting long-term joint destruction and disease progression.  },  
Keywords = {Anti-CCP, Rheumatoid Arthritis, DAS28-CRP, Disease Activity, Case-Control Study},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {43-51}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20124},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3134-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3134-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ali, Sharafat and Maimona, Qaim and Fatima, Nasreen and Bashir, Muhammad and ShoaibMalik, Muhamm},  
title = {The Role of Ultrasonography in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Diagnosis and its Psychological Impact on Women’s Well-Being in the Faisalabad Region, Pakistan}, 
abstract ={Background & Objective: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in women and is associated with diverse reproductive and metabolic complications. Beyond physical manifestations such as menstrual irregularities, weight gain, hirsutism, and hair loss, many women also experience emotional challenges, including stress, depression, and reduced self-esteem. This study aimed to examine the psychological implications of PCOS and to identify supportive measures that may enhance comprehensive patient care. Materials & Methods: A community-based survey was conducted among women diagnosed with PCOS. Participants provided detailed information on their symptoms, treatment outcomes, and psychological experiences, enabling assessment of the relationship between physical manifestations and emotional health. Results: Irregular menstrual cycles were reported by 84% of participants and were frequently accompanied by fertility-related concerns. Excessive hair growth (77%) and hair thinning (69%) adversely affected participants’ confidence and body image. Obesity was observed in 63% of respondents and was frequently associated with reduced quality of life. Although 62% reported improvement with medication, 20% continued to experience psychological difficulties, particularly heightened anxiety, persistent low mood, and reduced self-worth. These findings indicate that PCOS significantly affects both physical functioning and psychological well-being. Conclusion: PCOS exerts a substantial impact on women’s daily lives by affecting both physical health and emotional well-being.  The persistence of psychological distress despite treatment underscores the need for integrated management approaches that combine lifestyle interventions, pharmacological therapy, and structured mental health support. Further research is required to identify high-risk subgroups and develop personalized strategies that support long-term wellness.  },  
Keywords = {Polycystic ovary syndrome, Diagnosis, ultrasonography, complications, well-being, Pakistan},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {52-60}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20126},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3176-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3176-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fabin, Mohammed and Abbas, Aswin and Roshan, Rameez and Govind, Bimal and Shanker, Swathy},  
title = {Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy of the NEXUS Criteria and the Canadian C-Spine Rule in Cervical Spine Trauma}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: Road traffic injuries are the fourth most common cause of death globally, according to surveys. The Canadian Cervical-Spine Rule (CCR) and the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) Low-Risk Criteria (NLC) are decision rules to guide the use of cervical-spine radiography in patients with trauma. In this study we aim to evaluate and compare the sensitivity and specificity of these rules in trauma patients for suspected C-spine injury. Materials & Methods: 500 patients were prospectively enrolled, in the event of them meeting the criteria. They were subjected to radiologic studies (X-ray or CT) of the cervical spine if they met NEXUS criteria or the CCR. Results: Of the 500 patients, 44.5% were subjected to radiography based on the NEXUS score and 58.8% based on the Canadian CCR. When the CCR was applied, the test was found to be 95.2% sensitive, 54.2% specific, 65% accurate, and with 42.6% positive predictive value and 97% negative predictive value. When NEXUS criteria were applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 100%, 75.3%, 59%, 100%, and 81.8%, respectively. Conclusion: When the NEXUS score was applied, the diagnostic accuracy was better. With the CCR, a greater number of patients were subjected to radiological evaluation. Either of the two criteria may be applied for emergency care in the Indian population to avoid unnecessary investigations. CCR followed by NEXUS criteria is recommended, and the utilization of the same is to be studied in a larger population.  },  
Keywords = {Cervical Spine Trauma, Diagnosis, NEXUS Criteria, Canadian C-Spine Rule},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {61-69}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20128},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3181-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3181-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Poursaeid, Vahid and Tabatabaei, Seyed Mahmou},  
title = {Effects of Anodal Prefrontal tDCS on Behavioral Symptoms and Cognitive Flexibility in Children with Learning Disabilities: A Quasi-Experimental Study}, 
abstract ={Background & Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex in enhancing behavioral symptoms and cognitive flexibility among children with learning disabilities (LD). Materials & Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design was adopted. The statistical population comprised all students with learning disabilities in Tabriz during the 1402–1403 academic year. Using purposive sampling, 30 students were selected and randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. Data were collected using the Stroop Test, the Achenbach Behavioral Problems Test (parent version), and a tDCS stimulation device. For the intervention, a 1.5 mA direct current was delivered across ten 20-minute sessions, with a 5 × 5 cm² anodal electrode positioned at F3 and a 5 × 7 cm² cathodal electrode placed at Fp2, both administering the same 1.5 mA current. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS. Results: Significant improvements were found in internalizing behavioral problems (F = 91.39, p < 0.001, η² = 0.76), externalizing behavioral problems (F = 29.75, p < 0.001, η² = 0.51), and cognitive flexibility (F = 39.80, p < 0.001, η² = 0.58). These findings extend the application of tDCS to behavioral outcomes in children with learning disabilities, a population less frequently examined with respect to prefrontal stimulation compared to children with dyslexia, for whom reading-focused interventions are more common. Conclusion: This non-invasive intervention appears promising as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral therapies aimed at improving behavioral and cognitive symptoms in children with learning disabilities. The moderate-to-large effect sizes underscore its potential clinical significance. However, the absence of a sham control group, the small sample size (n = 30), and the lack of long-term follow-up assessments require caution when interpreting the causal implications and generalizing the findings.  },  
Keywords = {transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), cognitive flexibility, learning disabilities},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {70-81}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20127},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Amiri, Mohammad and Tanoorsaz, Saeid and Sepehrian, Ali and BahramFar, Gholamrez},  
title = {Synergistic Effects of an 8-Week Resistance Training Program and Creatine Supplementation on Hormonal, Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Body Composition Markers in 30- to 45-Year-Old Male Athletes: Modulation by ACTN3 (R577X)}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: Optimizing metabolic health and physical performance in middle-aged male athletes is critical for long-term health maintenance and athletic sustainability. This study investigated the combined effects of an 8-week strength training (ST) program and creatine supplementation on anabolic hormones, metabolic indicators, inflammatory markers, and lean body mass (LBM) in 30- to 45-year-old male athletes, with particular emphasis on the potential moderating role of the ACTN3 genotype (R577X). Materials & Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial design was employed, involving 48 recreationally trained male athletes who were randomly assigned to one of four groups: ST plus creatine (ST+C), ST plus placebo (ST+P), creatine supplementation alone, and a non-intervention control group (CON). The 8-week intervention consisted of supervised resistance training sessions and daily supplementation with either creatine or placebo. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to assess serum testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile parameters, and inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). ACTN3 genotyping was performed using standard molecular techniques. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with inclusion of an exercise × creatine interaction term. Results: The combined ST+C intervention resulted in a significant increase in LBM (p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.85) and a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by reduced HOMA-IR values (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.62), compared with all other groups. Creatine supplementation alone demonstrated a non-significant trend toward increased testosterone concentrations (p = 0.07). Participants in the ST+P group exhibited significant improvements in LBM and insulin sensitivity; however, these changes were less pronounced than those observed in the ST+C group. No significant between-group differences were observed for cortisol levels or inflammatory markers. ACTN3 genotype did not significantly moderate any of the measured outcomes. Conclusion: Concurrent strength training and creatine supplementation effectively enhance LBM and insulin sensitivity in middle-aged male athletes. Creatine supplementation appears to confer additional benefits beyond resistance training alone, particularly with respect to anabolic hormonal responses. These findings support the use of combined resistance training and creatine supplementation as an effective strategy for optimizing metabolic health and physical performance in this population.  },  
Keywords = {Strength Training,Creatine Supplementation, Middle-Aged Athletes,Metabolic Health,  Randomized Trial},
volume = {16},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {82-93}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = { 10.18502/jabs.v16i1.20129},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3162-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3162-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farjam, Mojtaba and Pezeshki, Babak and Fereydouni, Narges},  
title = {Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Closing the Access Gap Through Local Manufacturing}, 
abstract ={   The global obesity epidemic, affecting approximately 890 million adults, has catalyzed substantial advances in pharmacological management. Contemporary anti-obesity medications, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP agonists, lipase inhibitors, and combination neurochemical modulators, can achieve weight reductions ranging from 5% to 22%, thereby approaching outcomes that were previously attainable only through bariatric surgery. Notwithstanding these therapeutic gains, a pronounced gap persists between clinical capability and real-world accessibility, as many of these novel agents remain prohibitively expensive or unavailable across large regions. Within this context, Iran’s pharmaceutical sector has demonstrated notable progress in the domestic production of several anti-obesity medications, including orlistat, marketed under more than 15 local brands, as well as metformin, liraglutide (Melitide, Maciza, Vikitide), tirzepatide (Spartina), and naltrexone/bupropion combinations (Lipoxon, Fandex). These developments have substantially enhanced treatment accessibility despite import restrictions and persistent cost barriers. However, rigorous head-to-head clinical trials comparing domestically manufactured products with their reference counterparts, alongside systematic post-marketing surveillance, remain indispensable for establishing long-term safety and therapeutic equivalence. In this regard, Iran’s experience delineates a viable model for expanding global access to obesity pharmacotherapy through localized manufacturing, with significant implications for health equity. Advances in Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy The obesity crisis has transitioned from a clinical concern to a defining global health challenge, with prevalence rates having tripled since 1975. Although lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of management, its limited durability, evidenced by the fact that approximately 80% of individuals regain lost weight within one to five years, has rendered pharmacotherapy an essential component of comprehensive care. Increasing recognition of obesity as a chronic disease characterized by dysregulated neurobiological, metabolic, and hormonal pathways has fundamentally reshaped therapeutic paradigms over the past decade. Among recent developments, incretin-based therapies represent the most transformative advance. GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as liraglutide, which yields 5% to 8% weight loss, and semaglutide, associated with 15% to 17% reductions, achieve outcomes that previously required surgical intervention. The dual GLP-1/GIP agonist tirzepatide produces weight loss in the range of 20% to 22% and has demonstrated superiority over semaglutide in direct comparative studies; it has also recently received approval for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Gastrointestinal adverse effects occur in approximately 40% to 50% of patients but are generally transient, whereas rare but serious risks include pancreatitis, occurring in 0.1% to 0.2% of cases, and gallbladder disease. Additional pharmacological classes include phentermine/topiramate, associated with 9% to 11% weight loss; naltrexone/bupropion, yielding 5% to 9%; and orlistat, which produces 5% to 10% weight reduction through inhibition of fat absorption. Precision therapies, such as setmelanotide, are indicated for specific genetic obesity syndromes. Furthermore, off-label use of metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors provides modest weight reduction, typically in the range of 1 to 3 kilograms, with well-established safety profiles. The Challenge of Equitable Access The principal challenge in obesity pharmacotherapy lies not in efficacy but in equitable access. In the United States, novel GLP-1/GIP agonists are priced between $900 and $1,400 per month, and many insurance plans exclude coverage for obesity medications; moreover, supply shortages continue to constrain availability. These factors give rise to substantial inequities, whereby individuals with adequate financial resources can access therapies capable of producing approximately 20% weight loss, while others remain limited to older, less effective treatments or receive no pharmacological intervention at all. Iran’s Domestic Production Capacity Iran’s domestic manufacturing capacity illustrates a viable alternative pathway. At least 15 locally produced orlistat brands are currently available, fostering price competition and enabling over-the-counter access. In 2023, metformin production exceeded 1.224 billion tablets. SinaGen Pharmaceutical manufactures liraglutide formulations (Melitide, Maciza, Vikitide) as bioequivalent prefilled pens approved by the Iran Food and Drug Administration. Most notably, the company introduced Spartina, a domestically produced tirzepatide, in early 2024, positioning Iran among the first countries outside the United States and Japan to achieve commercial production of this molecule. To contextualize affordability, Iran’s statutory monthly minimum wage in 2024 was approximately 7 to 8 million tomans. Consequently, the monthly cost of Spartina, estimated at 10 to 12 million tomans, corresponds to roughly 1.3 to 1.5 times the minimum monthly wage. Although this represents a considerable financial burden for many patients, it remains substantially lower than the $900 to $1,400 monthly cost of the originator product in the United States. In parallel, Danesh Pajoohan Arya Daro produces bioequivalent naltrexone/bupropion combinations (Lipoxon, Fandex), comparable to Contrave. Collectively, these advances have significantly improved both availability and affordability in the face of import constraints. Nevertheless, the full clinical value of domestically produced anti-obesity medications can only be established through rigorously designed head-to-head randomized controlled trials against originator products, complemented by structured post-marketing surveillance systems to assess long-term safety and sustained therapeutic equivalence. To date, no such comparative trials appear to be registered or underway in Iran. The establishment of a national pharmacovigilance framework, supported by registry-based surveillance, would therefore constitute a critical and achievable step toward generating high-quality evidence necessary for guideline integration and widespread clinical adoption. Implications for Global Health Equity and Future Directions This model carries important implications for global health equity. Regional collaboration could facilitate the consolidation of pharmaceutical production in countries with established manufacturing infrastructure, thereby serving multiple neighboring populations. Mechanisms such as technology transfer, voluntary licensing, biosimilar development, and differential pricing, all of which have proven effective in the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, could further accelerate the expansion of access. Looking ahead, the therapeutic pipeline remains robust. Emerging agents include triple incretin agonists, such as retatrutide, which has demonstrated approximately 24% weight loss in Phase 2 trials; oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonists, including orforglipron, which may reduce production costs; long-acting monthly injectables; and next-generation MC4R agonists. However, the translation of these pharmacological innovations into meaningful population-level health outcomes will depend critically on overcoming the structural barriers that currently limit access and real-world effectiveness. In conclusion, contemporary obesity pharmacotherapy offers unprecedented therapeutic potential. Iran’s expansion of domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing provides a compelling model for addressing global disparities in access through localized production and technology transfer. Realizing this potential, however, will require parallel investment in rigorous comparative clinical trials and sustained post-marketing surveillance, as well as coordinated, systematic efforts to ensure equitable access for all patients, irrespective of geographic or economic constraints.  },  
Keywords = {Obesity, Anti-obesity agents, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmaceutical manufacturing, Iran},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {94-96}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3221-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3221-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nejad-Moghadam, Amir and MansouriRad, Mohammad Rez},  
title = {Auditory and Stress Effects of Long-Range Acoustic Devices in Hybrid Warfare: A Narrative Review}, 
abstract ={The Long-Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) is increasingly employed in hybrid warfare due to its unique capability to generate highly directional sound waves. The physiological effects of LRAD exposure raise significant concerns, as such exposure can result in acute hearing damage, disequilibrium, and pronounced psychological stress. Sound levels produced by LRAD systems may exceed 160 dB, posing a substantial risk to auditory function and often causing severe discomfort or pain. Prolonged exposure has been associated with an elevated incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with affected individuals experiencing flashbacks and heightened auditory sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensory overload and disorientation induced by LRAD emissions can impair decision-making capacity and situational awareness, thereby complicating crisis response. In conclusion, although LRAD serves a critical tactical function in contemporary hybrid conflicts, the well-documented risks of both acute and long-term psychological and physiological harm to combatants and non-combatants necessitate the urgent development of comprehensive operational guidelines and robust ethical frameworks. Such measures are essential to ensure that its deployment aligns with human rights standards and minimizes long-term collateral harm.  },  
Keywords = {Long-Range Acoustic Device, Hybrid warfare, Physiological effects.},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {97-113}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20875},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3179-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3179-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AlizadehShiraziNezhad, Armin and Ebrahimbabaei, Amirali},  
title = {Lifestyle Medicine and Preventive Strategies for Chronic Diseases: A Narrative Review}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are driven predominantly by modifiable lifestyle-related factors. In recent years, lifestyle medicine has emerged as a distinct clinical discipline and academic field at many leading universities, employing evidence-based lifestyle interventions to prevent, treat, and, in some cases, reverse chronic disease. This review examines the role of lifestyle medicine in the prevention and management of NCDs. Material & Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify relevant literature published between 2000 and 2025. More than 130 studies, clinical guidelines, and position statements addressing lifestyle interventions, NCD outcomes, and implementation strategies were reviewed. Priority was given to systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and large prospective cohort studies evaluating the six core pillars of lifestyle medicine and their implementation in clinical practice and public health settings. Results: Evidence across diverse study designs consistently demonstrates that whole-food, plant-predominant dietary patterns, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, reduced harmful alcohol consumption, restorative sleep, effective stress-management strategies, and strong social relationships are associated with a lower incidence and slower progression of major NCDs, as well as improved quality of life. Emerging evidence further supports the integration of lifestyle medicine into primary care, community-based interventions, and health-professional education. Conclusion: Current evidence supports lifestyle medicine as an effective and comprehensive framework for addressing the behavioral determinants of NCDs. As the field continues to expand clinically and academically, integrating lifestyle medicine principles into healthcare delivery systems and professional training programs may substantially strengthen the prevention and long-term management of chronic diseases.  },  
Keywords = {Lifestyle Medicine, Noncommunicable Diseases, Chronic Disease, Diet, Exercise},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {114-133}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20876},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3205-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3205-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jahanshahi, Fatemeh and Rahimi, Azar and Razazi, Zeinab and Mokhtari, Fatemeh and Bahmanyar, Sahar},  
title = {Comparison of Mental Health and Resilience among Patients with Acute and Chronic Urticaria and Healthy Individuals}, 
abstract ={Background & Objective: Urticaria is a common inflammatory skin disorder that, particularly in its chronic form, may result in substantial psychological and social consequences. Despite extensive evidence regarding mental health disturbances among affected individuals, the role of resilience as a psychological protective factor has remained insufficiently explored, particularly in comparative studies. This study aimed to compare mental health and resilience among patients with acute urticaria, patients with chronic urticaria, and healthy individuals. Materials & Methods: This causal-comparative study was conducted in Arak, Iran, between 2019 and 2020. A total of 90 participants were recruited through convenience sampling and equally assigned to three groups: patients with acute urticaria (n = 30), patients with chronic urticaria (n = 30), and healthy individuals (n = 30). Mental health was assessed using the Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25), while resilience was measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test in SPSS version 20. Results: The findings indicated that patients with chronic urticaria exhibited the highest levels of mental health disturbances and the lowest levels of resilience compared with patients with acute urticaria and healthy individuals. In addition, patients with acute urticaria demonstrated poorer psychological status than healthy individuals across most domains. Conclusion: Chronic urticaria is associated with marked psychological vulnerability and diminished resilience. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating psychological screening, resilience-enhancing interventions, and patient education into the routine management of patients with chronic urticaria in order to improve long-term adaptation and quality of life.  },  
Keywords = {Mental health, Resilience, Chronic urticaria, Acute urticaria, Psychological well-being},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {134-146}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20880},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3149-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3149-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fallah, Golnaz and Pashazadeh, Mehrdad and Jafari-Sales, Abolfazl and Tajalli, Habib and Shahriar-oskouei, Seyedeh Samaneh},  
title = {CD47 and SIGLEC15 Immune Checkpoint Genes Expression and Apoptotic Pathway Activation Following Photodynamic Therapy with Zinc Phthalocyanine in the B-CPAP Thyroid Cancer Cell Line}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: Thyroid cancer is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies. Photodynamic therapy is an emerging minimally invasive therapeutic modality that employs a photosensitizer in conjunction with light irradiation to induce targeted cytotoxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of zinc phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy on the expression of immune checkpoint genes CD47 and SIGLEC15, as well as key genes involved in apoptotic pathways, in papillary thyroid cancer cells. Materials & Methods: The human papillary thyroid cancer cell line B-CPAP was exposed to various concentrations of zinc phthalocyanine and subsequently irradiated using a 675 nm diode laser at a fluence of 24 J/cm². Cellular viability, reflecting mitochondrial metabolic activity, was assessed using the MTT assay. The relative mRNA expression levels of CD47, SIGLEC15, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Bcl-2 genes were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results:  Zinc phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy markedly reduced the viability of B-CPAP cells. The treatment activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as demonstrated by the significant upregulation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 transcripts alongside the downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. In addition, a statistically significant reduction in the mRNA expression levels of the immune checkpoint molecules CD47 and SIGLEC15 was observed following treatment. Conclusion:  The findings of this study provide novel evidence that zinc phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy simultaneously induces apoptosis while downregulating the critical immune checkpoints CD47 and SIGLEC15 in thyroid cancer cells. This dual mechanism of action underscores the therapeutic potential of photodynamic therapy as an effective strategy for enhancing antitumor efficacy through both direct cytotoxic effects and the potential mitigation of immune evasion. Keywords: Thyroid cancer, Photodynamic therapy, Zinc phthalocyanine, Immune checkpoints, Apoptosis CD47 and SIGLEC15 Immune Checkpoint Genes Expression and Apoptotic Pathway Activation Following Photodynamic Therapy with Zinc Phthalocyanine in the B-CPAP Thyroid Cancer Cell Line Photodynamic Therapy, Immune Checkpoints, and Apoptosis in Thyroid Cancer Background & Objectives: Thyroid cancer is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies. Photodynamic therapy is an emerging minimally invasive therapeutic modality that employs a photosensitizer in conjunction with light irradiation to induce targeted cytotoxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of zinc phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy on the expression of immune checkpoint genes CD47 and SIGLEC15, as well as key genes involved in apoptotic pathways, in papillary thyroid cancer cells. Materials & Methods: The human papillary thyroid cancer cell line B-CPAP was exposed to various concentrations of zinc phthalocyanine and subsequently irradiated using a 675 nm diode laser at a fluence of 24 J/cm². Cellular viability, reflecting mitochondrial metabolic activity, was assessed using the MTT assay. The relative mRNA expression levels of CD47, SIGLEC15, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Bcl-2 genes were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results:  Zinc phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy markedly reduced the viability of B-CPAP cells. The treatment activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as demonstrated by the significant upregulation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 transcripts alongside the downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. In addition, a statistically significant reduction in the mRNA expression levels of the immune checkpoint molecules CD47 and SIGLEC15 was observed following treatment. Conclusion:  The findings of this study provide novel evidence that zinc phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy simultaneously induces apoptosis while downregulating the critical immune checkpoints CD47 and SIGLEC15 in thyroid cancer cells. This dual mechanism of action underscores the therapeutic potential of photodynamic therapy as an effective strategy for enhancing antitumor efficacy through both direct cytotoxic effects and the potential mitigation of immune evasion. Keywords:},  
Keywords = {Thyroid cancer, Photodynamic therapy, Zinc phthalocyanine, Immune checkpoints, Apoptosis},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {147-157}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs. v16i2.20873},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3207-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3207-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Saravani, Khadijeh and ShahrakiMojahed, Laleh and Poursamimi, Javad and Ghafari, Mehrangiz and Mirshekar, Mehdi},  
title = {Chronic Continuous Whole-Body 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi Exposure (Estimated SAR ~1.4 W/kg) Reduces Serum Thyroid Hormones and Alters Thyroid Histology in Adult Male Wistar Rats}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate serum thyroid hormone levels and thyroid histopathology following chronic whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation in adult male Wistar rats using an estimated whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR). Materials & Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats (150 to 200 g) were randomly allocated to either the control group (n = 10) or the Wi-Fi exposure group (n = 10). The exposure group underwent continuous whole-body irradiation with a 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi signal for 24 h/day over a 30 day period. The estimated mean whole-body SAR in the exposed group was 1.4 W/kg (range: 1.2 to 1.6 W/kg). Serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured using radioimmunoassay. Thyroid tissues were subsequently processed for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate parametric or nonparametric tests, with statistical significance defined as p < 0.05. Results: Compared with the control group, rats exposed to Wi-Fi radiation exhibited significantly lower serum concentrations of T3 (1.73 ± 0.16 vs. 2.14 ± 0.17 ng/mL; p < 0.001), T4 (6.88 ± 0.19 vs. 7.38 ± 0.30 µg/dL; p = 0.003), and TSH (0.03 ± 0.01 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02 mIU/L; p = 0.014). Histopathological evaluation demonstrated reduced follicular diameter, manifested by the appearance of microfollicles, diminished colloid content, and disorganization of follicular epithelial cells in exposed animals relative to controls. Conclusion: Continuous exposure to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation at an estimated whole-body SAR of approximately 1.4 W/kg (range: 1.2 to 1.6 W/kg) for 30 days was associated with reduced serum T3, T4, and TSH concentrations, together with structural alterations in thyroid tissue in adult male rats.},  
Keywords = {Electromagnetic fields, Wi-Fi, Thyroid hormones, Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {158-166}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20879},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3206-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3206-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Valizadehkeshmeshtappeh, Mohammad and Hobbenaghi, Rahim and Shahrooz, Rasoul and Malekinejad, Hassan and karimi, ali and Valizadeh, Hame},  
title = {Synergistic Effects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and HUVEC-Conditioned Medium on Burn Wound Healing}, 
abstract ={Background & Objective: Burn injuries are inherently challenging to manage due to extensive tissue destruction and the substantial edema that ensues. This experimental animal study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of bacterial nanocellulose (BC) dressing combined with human umbilical vein endothelial cell-conditioned medium (HUVEC-CM) on the healing process of second-degree burn wounds in rats. Materials & Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups: healthy control (no wound), negative control (untreated wounds, sham), BC dressing treatment, HUVEC-CM treatment, and combined BC plus HUVEC-CM treatment (n = 10 per group). A standardized burn wound with a diameter of 10 mm was created on the dorsal surface of each rat. The healing process was assessed macroscopically, using wound contraction percentage, and histopathologically over a 14-day period. Results: The combination group demonstrated the smallest wound area by day 3 and exhibited significantly enhanced wound closure on days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05). On day 3, wound closure percentages were as follows: negative control (-1.8 ± 1.7%), BC group (5.6 ± 2.1%), HUVEC-CM group (4.9 ± 2.4%), and combination group (9.1 ± 6.3%). The greatest degree of wound closure was observed in the combination group on day 14 (71.3 ± 6.8%). Histological analysis revealed that the combination treatment reduced early necrosis and inflammation, promoted granulation tissue formation and angiogenesis by day 7, and resulted in complete re-epithelialization by day 14. Conclusion: The combined application of BC and HUVEC-CM synergistically enhances burn wound healing by mitigating early tissue damage and promoting subsequent regenerative processes. This approach represents a promising bioactive strategy for advanced burn wound management.  },  
Keywords = { Burns, Wound, Healing, Rats, Tissue Engineering},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {167-178}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20878},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3208-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3208-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nasri, Akbar and Sadeghi, Mortez},  
title = {Jesaconitine from Aconitum Species as a Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor: An in Silico Docking Study for Alzheimer\'s Disease Management}, 
abstract ={Background & Objectives: One of the established pharmacological strategies for slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Current research has increasingly focused on the identification of novel compounds, particularly naturally derived metabolites, that exhibit potent modulatory activity alongside favorable toxicological profiles. In this context, diterpenoid alkaloids represent a promising therapeutic class for modulating AD pathology through AChE inhibition. Material & Methods: In this in silico study, molecular docking analyses were performed to screen and characterize diterpenoid alkaloids with the potential to attenuate AD progression. Results: Jesaconitine demonstrated a binding affinity of −6.72 kcal/mol, surpassing that of the reference inhibitor Tacrine (−6.21 kcal/mol). Docking simulations revealed critical interactions within the active site of AChE, including conventional hydrogen-bonding networks involving the residues Ser125, Asn87, and Tyr337. Conclusion: The findings of the present study identify Jesaconitine as a promising lead compound for the management of AD through AChE inhibition, based on in silico docking predictions. Moreover, these results provide a theoretical framework for the development of novel AChE inhibitors and indicate that Jesaconitine warrants further experimental and pharmacological investigation.  },  
Keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Jesaconitine, Diterpene alkaloid, Molecular docking, Alzheimer's disease},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {179-190}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20874},
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3222-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3222-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Paknejad, Nastaran and DalirGhaffari, Ali and KhademMohammadi, Mahdi},  
title = {Bioinformatics-Based Prediction of Potential Immunogenic Epitopes in E. tenella ROP Proteins as Candidate Vaccine Targets}, 
abstract ={Background & Objective: Avian coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, imposes substantial economic losses on the global poultry industry. Rhoptry proteins (ROPs), as critical virulence determinants involved in host cell invasion, represent promising targets for vaccine development. This in silico study was designed to conduct a comprehensive immunoinformatic characterization of six key E. tenella ROPs in order to identify and prioritize potent T-cell and B-cell epitopes for rational vaccine design. Material & Methods: The physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, and post-translational modification (PTM) sites of the six ROPs were systematically predicted using a suite of validated web-based tools. Secondary and tertiary structures were modeled, followed by rigorous refinement and validation procedures. Subsequently, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes were predicted using human HLA allele surrogates. Their immunogenic potential, including the capacity to induce IFN-γ and IL-4 responses, was thoroughly evaluated. Linear B-cell epitopes were then identified and screened based on antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and optimal solubility profiles. Results: The findings demonstrated that all selected ROPs are antigenic, non-allergenic, and predominantly hydrophilic, with several exhibiting favorable solubility characteristics. Diverse PTM sites were identified, suggesting complex post-translational regulation. A repertoire of high-affinity and immunogenic CTL and HTL epitopes was detected, among which several candidates showed the potential to induce both IFN-γ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2) responses, indicative of balanced immune activation. In addition, multiple linear B-cell epitopes with high antigenicity scores were identified. Conclusion: This study presents the first comprehensive bioinformatic blueprint of six E. tenella ROPs and highlights a rich pool of immunogenic epitopes for subsequent experimental validation and vaccine development.},  
Keywords = {Eimeria tenella, rhoptry proteins, vaccine design, bioinformatics, in silico prediction},
volume = {16},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {191-209}, 
publisher = {Fasa University of Medical Sciences},

doi = {10.18502/jabs.v16i2.20877 },
url = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3209-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-3209-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},  
issn = {}, 
eissn = {2783-1523}, 
year = {2026}  
}