en مکانیسم‌های مولکولی تمرین هوازی در تعدیل آپوپتوز قلبی: یک بررسی سیستماتیک در بیماران قلبی عروقی فيزيولوژي Physiology مروری Review <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This systematic review examines the molecular mechanisms through which aerobic exercise influences cardiac apoptosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remain the leading cause of global mortality and are strongly linked to risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyles. <em>Apoptosis, or programmed cell death,</em> plays a pivotal role in myocardial injury and disease progression in CVDs. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2025, yielding 60 initially relevant records. After applying strict inclusion criteria (original research examining the effects of exercise on cardiac apoptosis) and exclusion criteria (methodological weaknesses, inadequate data, or a non-cardiac focus), eight studies were deemed eligible for detailed analysis.<strong> </strong>The findings indicate that aerobic exercise markedly reduces the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, including caspase-3 (~47% reduction, p<0.01) and Bax (~43% reduction, p<0.01), while simultaneously alleviating oxidative stress within cardiac tissue. In addition, regular aerobic training promotes mitochondrial homeostasis, enhances systemic circulation, and strengthens overall cardiac performance, with particularly pronounced benefits in patients with metabolic disorders.<strong> </strong>Nevertheless, the review highlights important limitations, most notably the small number of human clinical trials and the heterogeneity of exercise protocols across studies.</span></span></div> Apoptosis, Aerobic Exercise, Oxidative Stress, Cardiovascular Diseases, Mitochondrial Homeostasis 325 336 http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3005-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mehran Ghahramani مهران قهرمانی mehran.physiology@gmail.com 100319475328460030224 100319475328460030224 Yes Department of Exercise Physiology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah,Iran گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحدکرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران Saydeh Elham Setooni zadeh fard سیده الهام ستونی زاده فرد Seyedeh.e.ssetooni@gmail.com 100319475328460030225 0009-0000-5044-234x No Department of Exercise Physiology, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah,Iran گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران Mohammad Ghahramani محمد قهرمانی ghahramani2007@gmail.com 100319475328460030226 0009-0007-1934-5331 No Department of Physical Education, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران