en ايمونولوژي Immunology مروری Review <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Vaccines have been under development for over two centuries and have significantly contributed to the decline in infectious diseases and mortality rates by eliciting targeted immune responses against pathogens. Adjuvants, while typically non-immunogenic, play a vital role in modulating immune responses when combined with vaccines, reducing the necessary vaccine dosage and enhancing immune memory. Generally, vaccines are formulated with appropriate adjuvants to strengthen the immune response to the vaccine antigen and to assess their potential in preventing disease spread. Additionally, adjuvants are crucial in steering both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to foster pathogen-specific immunity. There is an increasing emphasis on utilizing advanced technologies to develop novel vaccines aimed at problematic pathogens, particularly those that show limited efficacy with conventional vaccines and outdated production techniques. An ideal adjuvant should exhibit minimal to no adverse effects and ensure safety for both short-term and long-term applications. This article provides a concise overview of adjuvants, examining their significance in autoimmune diseases, especially concerning disease progression and related challenges. Acknowledging the growing skepticism surrounding vaccines in recent years is important, with some research supporting this perspective. Furthermore, we explore the function of adjuvants in cancer vaccines, categorized as therapeutic rather than preventive, noting the substantial advancement<strong>s achieved in this area.</strong></span></span></div> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:#2f5496"></span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span><br> <br> <br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span> Adjuvants, Vaccines, Infectious disease, Cancer vaccine, Therapeutic vaccine 248 262 http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-490-8&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Leila Mahmoudzadeh لیلا محمود زاده l.mahmoudzadeh95@gmail.com 100319475328460029305 100319475328460029305 No Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، گروه ایمونولوژی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani سید میثم ابطحی فروشانی meysamabtahi@hotmail.com 1141161435 100319475328460029306 Yes Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، گروه ایمونولوژی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران Monireh Falsafi منیره فلسفی m.falsafi@urmia.ac.ir 100319475328460029307 100319475328460029307 No Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran مرکز تحقیقات ایمونولوژی و ایمونوتراپی سرطان، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل، اردبیل، ایران