en مکانیسم های اثر مهاری پروبیوتیک ها در توسعه بیماری پارکینسون اعصاب و روان Neurology مروری Review <div style="text-align: justify;">An upward trend in the incidence of Parkinson&rsquo;s disease (PD), known as one of the most prominent neurodegenerative maladies, has evoked great concerns among medical community over the past decades. Recently, studies have suggested the initiation of PD in the gastrointestinal tract decades before the advent of manifestations. Accumulating evidence suggests that intracellular deposition of &alpha;-synuclein (&alpha;-syn) in patients with PD is associated with systemic inflammation leading to the neuroinflammation and neuropsychiatric disorders. The &alpha;-syn protein accumulation can be initiated from GI cells and distribute into CNS cells through trans-synaptic cell to cell transmission. Without doubt, gut microbiota affects the enteric nervous system (ENS) known as the &ldquo;second brain&rdquo;. Patients with PD have a different balance of bacteria in their intestines, as compared to healthy population. Metabolites from gut microbiota affect the enteric wall such as neurodegeneration. Probiotics have a substantial role in the neutralization or inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals and thus improve the PD symptoms. The anti-inflammatory role of probiotics also inhibits the neurodegeneration and PD development. Hence, probiotics contribute to the improvement of PD through several mechanisms which need more in-depth verification.</div> &nbsp;<br> &nbsp; Probiotics, Parkinson's disease, Microbiome, inhibitory mechanisms 4005 4011 http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1709-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Shaden MH. Mubarak شادن مبارک shaden.mh@gmail.com 100319475328460026420 100319475328460026420 Yes Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Of Kufa, Iraq گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی بالینی، دانشکده داروسازی، دانشگاه کوفه، عراق Mohammad Ekrahi محمد اکراهی 100319475328460026421 100319475328460026421 No Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran گروه بیماری‌های عفونی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی فسا، فسا، ایران Gaber El-Saber Batiha جابرالصابر باتیها 100319475328460026422 100319475328460026422 No Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour22511, AlBeheira, Egypt گروه فارماکولوژی و درمان، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه دامنهور، مصر Mojtaba Memariani مجتبی معماریانی yani1394@gmail.com 100319475328460026423 100319475328460026423 No Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran مرکز تحقیقات پوست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران Hamed Memariani حامد معماریانی 100319475328460026424 100319475328460026424 No Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran مرکز تحقیقات پوست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران Abdol Majid Ghasemian عبدالمجید قاسمیان 100319475328460026425 100319475328460026425 No Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran گروه زیست شناسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران